Wednesday, August 12, 2009

BHUVAN -INIDA'S FIRST SATELLITE MAP

Bhuvan, (Sanskrit: भुवन, lit: Earth), is a satellite mapping tool similar to Google Earth .It was developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It offers resolution up to 5 metres and is considered as a rival to Google Earth and Wikimapia.[1]

A prototype (beta)[2] of this application was launched on 12th August 2009.[3]

Tata Consultancy Services has also appointed a 3 crore deal with ISRO to make advanced moon map which is taken by Chandrayaan. One of the official said this software will be a freeware and it needs a license for the usage whether to check they are Indian or not. This will provide the maximum resolution that any map cant make it with. ISRO has also decided to make a tracking and mapping antenna(30x15)m the largest in India in Chennai for advanced 3D mapping and resources.[4]

Bhuvan will be able to take more closer pictures of the Indian Subcontinent as compared to the Google Earth. Bhuvan will feature a zoom level of upto 10 meters while the Google Earth features a zoom level of up to 200 meters. The new ISRO Bhuvan will also feature a multi layer information mapping while the present Google Earth features a single layer information mapping system. Apart from that, Bhuvan will also update map information every year contrary to the Google Earth which updates its map information every 4 years. [5]

“With Bhuvan we will be able to produce very local information which will be specific to only to our own country. This information available from this mapping system will be useful in addressing very local problems like floods, famines, infrastructure development, education and much more,” said ISRO chairman Dr G Madhavan Nair.

Unlike Google Earth, however the Bhuvan application will not be downloadable and will not allow users to host content in the near future. “We are not competing with Google,” said Jayaraman. A Google spokesperson declined to comment. According to P. Nag, director of the National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, a Kolkata-based mapping agency that uses remote-sensing data to build India’s atlas, the Bhuvan project demonstrates the country’s expertise in both information and space technology



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Dell Studio One 19
Dell Studio One 19

Dell Studio One 19 Desktop
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Reach out and explore the Studio One 19’s 18.5” display with optional multi-touch screen. Choose between 4 colour fabric trim options and Solid Pure White trim border.

* Crystal clear 16:9 widescreen flat panel HD display
* User-friendly touch applications with optional multi-touch screen
* Powerful NVIDIA® graphics with up to an Intel® Quad-Core processor
* Optional built-in WiFi

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Dell Studio One 19 Desktop


It’s One for All

The new Studio One 19 desktop has packed everything you need and want into one beautiful design with optional multi-touch screen capabilities. Whether you are perusing your photos, you’ll be impressed with the crystal clear clarity on its 18.5" HD widescreen display. With a variety of performance features and colorful personalisation options, the Studio One 19 desktop was designed to fit seamlessly in your home while complementing your style.


Dell Studio One 19 Desktop


One Simple Design

Studio One 19 is an all-in-one desktop computer that fits both the tower and monitor into a stunning, space-saving design. The result is a simple, one-cable setup with substantially fewer cords and wires. And with wireless keyboard and mouse, smooth design features and a choice of 4 color fabric trim options or one Solid Pure White trim border, the Studio One 19 will fit seamlessly in your office, kitchen, family room or just about anywhere.


Begs to Be Touched

Flick. Grab. Stretch. Drag. Reach out and touch the Studio One 19 desktop using the optional touch technology. Access your favorite media with user-friendly multi-touch applications in the Touch Zone.

* Manage and edit your photos and videos, or upload directly to YouTubeTM using TouchCam with a simple slide of your fingertip
* Inspire your kids’ inner artists with You Paint and other touch-friendly games
* And that’s not all. Dell has also enabled multi-touch scrolling, panning and zooming across most other applications ― like Internet web browsers, Microsoft Word applications, spreadsheets and more ― outside of the Touch Zone

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Dell Studio One 19 Desktop
Precise Design, Big Performance

This sleek, all-in-one design is packed full of powerful features.

* Available with up to Intel® Core™2 Quad processor optimised for processor-intensive multimedia applications, driving your system and digital entertainment experience further and faster than ever before
* The integrated 1.3-megapixel webcam* and a built-in microphone allow you to easily stay in touch with friends and family.
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N 96

Nokia N96 Tech Specs Back to Overview

Review the full technical specifications of the Nokia N96.

Hardware

* Dimensions
* Display and User Interface
* Memory Functions
* Power Management
* Operating Frequency
* Connectivity
* Data Transfer

Communications

* Email and Messaging
* Call Management

Sharing & Internet

* Browsing and Internet
* Sharing

Navigation

* Maps and Navigation

Photography

* Main Camera
* Secondary Camera
* Image Capture

Video

* Video Centre
* Video Codecs and Formats
* Browser-based Video Access
* Video Recording
* Other Video Enablers

TV

* Live TV

Music

* Music Features
* Radio and Other
* Other Music Enablers

Gaming

* N-Gage™ and Gaming

Software & Applications

* Digital Home
* Third Party Application Support
* Other

Package Contents

* Standard Sales Package Contents

Hardware
Dimensions

* Volume: 92 cc
* Weight: 125 g
* Length: 103 mm

* Width: 55 mm
* Depth: 18 mm, locally up to 20 mm

Schematic of N96 Dimensions
Memory Functions 1

* 16GB internal flash memory, microSD memory card slot (hot swappable) for expandability and flexibility
* Expand up to a total of 32 GB, for example with the Nokia MU-44 16GB microSD memory card (sold separately)
* Approximate dynamic memory capacity indication 2 with 16GB storage:
o Video: 40 hours
o Music: 12,000 tracks
* 128MB RAM, 256MB system memory (operating system plus dynamic user data area)
*

1 Application offering may vary. Dynamic memory means that the available memory is shared between dynamic memory functions. When any of these functions is used, there is less available memory for other functions which are also dependent on dynamic memory. Formatted capacity less than total capacity. Pre-installed content may reduce available space.

2 Video capacity is based on H.264 768-kbps video at 320-by-240 resolution, combined with 96-kbps AAC audio. Music capacity is based on 3:45 min per track and 48 kbps eAAC+ encoding

Data Transfer 5

* WCDMA HSDPA with simultaneous voice and packet data (PS max speed DL/UL= 3.6Mbps/384kbps, CS max speed 64kbps)
* Dual Transfer Mode (DTM) support for simultaneous voice and packet data connection in GSM/EDGE networks. Simple class A, multi slot class 11, max speed DL/UL: 177.6/118.4kbps
* EGPRS class B, multi slot class 32, max speed DL/UL= 296/177.6kbps
* GPRS class B, multi slot class 32, max speed DL/UL= 107/64.2kbps
*

5 Actual achieved speeds may vary depending on network support.

Display and User Interface

* 2.8" QVGA (240 x 320 pixels) LCD TFT display with up to 16 million colours
* User Interface: S60 3rd edition, feature pack 2
* Active standby screen, Multimedia menu
* Media keys, Multimedia access key, lockswitch, volume key, numeric (ITU-T) keypad, menu key, clear key, soft keys, send and end keys, power key, camera shutter key

Power Management 3

* Battery: Nokia Battery BL-5F, 950 mAh
* Talk time: up to 160 / 230 min (WCDMA / GSM)
* Standby: up to 200 / 230 hrs (WCDMA / GSM)
* Video playback: up to 5 hours (offline mode)
* Music playback: up to 14 hours (offline mode)
* TV playback: up to 4 hours (DVB-H)
*

3 Operation times may vary depending on radio access technology used, operator network configuration and usage.

Operating Frequency

* N96-1 (RM-247, Global) WCDMA2100/900 (HSDPA) / EGSM900, GSM850/1800/1900 MHz (EGPRS)
* N96-3 (RM-472, Americas) - WCDMA1900/850 (HSDPA) / EGSM900, GSM850/1800/1900 MHz (EGPRS)
* N96 (RM-297, PR China) 4 - EGSM900, GSM850/1800/1900 MHz (EGPRS)
* Automatic switching between bands and modes
* DVB-H, 470-750 MHz
*

4 RM-297 variant (PR China only) does not have WCDMA, WLAN or DVB-H, and features based on WLAN or WCDMA

Connectivity

* WLAN - IEEE802.11 g/b with UPnP support
* Hi-Speed USB 2.0 with Micro USB type B interface
* 3.5mm stereo headset plug , TV-out support (PAL/NTSC)
* Bluetooth 2.0 with A2DP stereo audio and Enhanced Data Rates (EDR)
* Nokia Nseries PC Suite connectivity with USB and Bluetooth wireless technology
* Local synchronization of contacts and calendar to a compatible PC using compatible connection
* Remote over-the-air synchronization
* Send and receive images, video clips, graphics, and business cards via Bluetooth wireless technology

Communications Back to top
Email and Messaging

* Easy-to-use email client with attachment support for images, videos, music and documents
* Support for SMTP, IMAP4, POP3, MMS, SMS. Unified SMS/MMS editor
* Support for Mail for Exchange (downloadable separately)
* Compatible with Nokia Wireless Keyboard SU-8W (sold separately)

Call Management

* Contacts: advanced contacts database with support for multiple phone and e-mail details per entry and thumbnail pictures
* Speed dialling, voice dialling (speaker independent) and voice commands
* Logs: lists of dialled, received and missed calls
* Conference call
* Integrated hands-free speakers

Sharing & Internet Back to top
Browsing and Internet

* Nokia Web Browser with Mini Map, visual history, HTML and JavaScript support, Flash Lite 3.0 and Flash video support
* RSS reader
* Support for Nokia Download! to discover, download and install add-on applications and widgets

Sharing

* Photos with view by tag cloud, month, album, slide show and photo editor
* Online Share with connection to popular sharing services
* Direct connection to compatible TV via Nokia Video Connectivity Cable (CA-75U, included in sales box) or WLAN/UPnP
* Nokia XpressPrint: direct printing via USB connection (PictBridge), Bluetooth connectivity (BPP), and WLAN (UPnP) or via online printing
* Video call and video sharing support (WCDMA network services)

Software & Applications Back to top
Digital Home

* Home Media Solution on compatible PC and device: Powerful yet simple way to fill your device with new media from your compatible home PC or home media devices, automatically when you enter your home environment
* Browse, search and access content on home media devices, conveniently and wirelessly (DLNA compliant, using WLAN and UPnP), and use your device as remote control

Other

* Personal Information Management (PIM)
* Search content in device and search on the Internet
* Quickoffice document viewers (Quickword, Quickpoint, Quicksheet)
* Adobe PDF viewer
* Customization through themes, ringtones, applications
* Portrait and landscape orientation modes; with transitions via dual slide operation, or auto-rotate controlled by accelerometer
* Settings Wizard for easy configuration
* Data transfer application for transfer of PIM information from other compatible Nokia devices
* Nokia Software Updater for firmware upgrades with the user's PC, with user data preservation
* FOTA (Firmware over the Air Software Updater) for firmware updates directly to the device over WLAN or 3G

Third Party Application Support

* Operating system: Symbian OS 9.3
* Nokia S60 third edition, feature pack 2
* Java™ MIDP 2.1, CLDC 1.1 (Connected Limited Device Configuration (J2ME))
* Flash Lite 3.0
* C++ and Java SDKs
* Downloadable third-party Java™ and Symbian applications
* Support for Web Runtime Widgets

N96 Application
Video Back to top
Video Centre

* Enhanced video centre: central hub for video experiences
* Access to last played video and easy resume
* My videos: collection of stored videos
* Access to Internet Videos, compatible with RSS feeds and video podcasts, with direct wireless updates and downloads
* Video directory to discover new Internet Videos

Browser-based Video Access

* Support for download, streaming and progressive download
* Support for Flash video

Video Recording

* Video capture in MPEG-4 up to VGA at 30 fps
* Digital Video Stabilization
* Video clip length: up to 90 minutes
* Video file format: .mp4 (default), .3gp (for MMS)
* Settings for scene, video light, white balance, colour tone

Video Codecs and Formats

* MPEG-4 Part 2 (H.263/SP), up to VGA 30 fps, hardware-accelerated codec, scaled to max QVGA on device screen, or max SDTV on TV-out
* MPEG-4 Part 10 (H.264/AVC), up to VGA 30 fps, hardware-accelerated codec, scaled to max QVGA on device screen, or SDTV on TV-out
* Windows Media Video (WMV9), up to CIF/QVGA 30 fps, hardware-accelerated codec, scaled to max QVGA on device screen, or SDTV on TV-out
* RealVideo QCIF at 30 fps
* Flash video support in browser
* DRM support: OMA DRM 1, OMA DRM 2, WM DRM

Other Video Enablers

* 2.8" display
* 16 GB memory, expandable
* Hi-Speed USB 2.0 connectivity
* Integrated kickstand and landscape-oriented speakers
* Media keys

TV Back to top
Live TV

* Broadcast Television (DVB-H) capable
o DVB-H based mobile TV with internal antenna, 470-750 MHz
* Program Guide (OMA BCAST ESG), with automatic updates and channel discovery
* Instant Replay of TV program (up to 30 seconds)
* Recording of TV programs for later viewing
* Reminder setting via Program Guide
* Multiple subscription and payment methods (pay TV including previews, free-to-air, pay per view), channel and content protection




Live TV on N96
Music Back to top
Music Features

* Digital music player - supports MP3, AAC, eAAC+, WMA, album art
* Playlist editing and sharing
* Equalizer and visualization
* Search, browse and purchase songs online in Nokia Music Store 6 - with support for Windows Media DRM protected files
*

6 Music store availability varies by country

N96 Music Player
Radio and Other

* Stereo FM radio (87.5-108MHz, 76-90MHz) with support for RDS, Visual RadioT and use of FM radio in offline mode
* Internet Radio

Other Music Enablers

* 16 GB internal memory, expandable
* Hi-Speed USB 2.0 connectivity
* Support for standard 3.5mm headphones
* Media keys
* Integrated stereo speakers
* Podcasting with direct wireless access to directory, feed updates and downloads
* Listen to music wirelessly via Bluetooth stereo audio (A2DP)

Photography Back to top
Main Camera

* Up to 5 megapixel (2592 x 1944 pixels)
* Carl Zeiss Optics: Tessar™ lens
* Auto-focus, auto-exposure
* F-number/aperture: F2.8
* Focal length: 5.2 mm
* Focus range 10 cm to infinity
* Dual-LED camera flash, video light, recording indicator, auto-focus assist light

Secondary Camera

* VGA (640 x 480 pixels) sensor

Image Capture

* Still Image resolutions: up to 5 Megapixel (2592 x 1944 pixels)
* Still Image file format: JPEG, EXIF
* Geotagging: automatic insertion of GPS-based location tags into images
* Settings for scene, flash, sequence, self-timer, colour, white balance, contrast, exposure compensation, guides

Navigation Back to top
Maps and Navigation

* Built-in GPS receiver, with support for assisted GPS (A-GPS) 7
* Nokia Maps application
* Free downloadable maps of over 150 countries, millions of locations, location details and satellite imagery 8
* Upgrades available for purchase: Multimedia city guides and Navigation services: Drive - voice guided car navigation, or Walk - pedestrian-optimized turn-by turn guidance. Limited time trial of premium Drive & Walk navigation service included.
* Maps can be downloaded dynamically over the air, or installed from compatible PC with the Nokia Maploader application
*

7 The service is available free of charge, although any data transferred over the network might incur charges from your network operator. To check the availability and cost of the service, contact your network operator or service provider.

8 Map and service availability varies by country. Satellite images only downloadable dynamically.

Gaming Back to top
N-Gage™ and Gaming

* Rich gaming experience
* Access to games showroom and multiplayer interaction in N-Gage™ arena
* Portrait and landscape gaming modes
* Gaming keys
* Several try-and-buy games preloaded. One game activation included 9
*

9 Offering may vary by country



N96 Game
Package Contents Back to top
Standard Sales Package Contents

* Nokia N96
* Nokia Battery BL-5F
* Nokia Connectivity Cable CA-101 (microUSB)
* Nokia Video-Out Cable CA-75U (TV-out)
* Nokia Stereo Headset and Remote HS-45, AD-54
* Nokia Mobile Charger DC-4 (car charger)
* Nokia Compact Travel Charger AC-5
* Sales pack content may vary by country

SAR Eco Declaration Declaration of Conformity

Thursday, July 30, 2009

Microsoft Survey Shows Recession is Hurting IT Budgets, Pros

REDMOND, Wash., June 23 — While many information technology (IT) professionals are investing in specific areas of IT infrastructure, 55 percent say the economy has changed the role of IT and 51 percent say that budget constraints are the biggest barrier to their innovation, according to a new study commissioned by Microsoft Corp. and conducted by Harris Interactive® Inc. The study results indicate that IT professionals in the U.S. are devoting less budget to innovation than their counterparts in the U.K., Japan and Germany.

“Businesses that focus solely on reducing IT costs in this economy will not be as well positioned as those that develop new capabilities and solutions,” said Bob Kelly, corporate vice president of infrastructure server marketing at Microsoft. “IT is uniquely capable of not only delivering bottom-line cost savings, but also providing innovative solutions that will help organizations weather the storm and thrive. Now, more than ever, IT is a strategic asset.”

Innovation in a Challenging Economy

Of the four countries included in the study, the recession appears to make the biggest impact on IT innovation in the U.S. IT managers in Japan and the U.K. indicate they will devote 41 percent of their budgets toward innovation versus “keeping the lights on,” or maintaining current systems. IT professionals in Germany plan to invest 35 percent, while their counterparts in the U.S. plan to spend only 29 percent on innovation. On average, IT professionals across all four countries say they will allocate 37 percent of their budgets to innovation in 2009. Only 22 percent of IT professionals cite giving the business a competitive edge as their current top priority.

“Companies that make smart investments in IT will gain a foundation for their business that empowers innovation, boosts productivity and, ultimately, helps improve the bottom line,” Kelly said. “Investing in IT is a path to success, now and in the future.”

The economy may also be diminishing investment in “green” IT innovation. Eighty-four percent of IT professionals consider green factors when making decisions about datacenters, but “green” plays into the final decision for only about half of those organizations (44 percent of the total).

Efficiency Versus Cost-Cutting

Though the economy seems to be affecting IT’s ability to innovate, more survey participants are focused on driving business efficiency (48 percent) than on simply reducing IT costs (30 percent). Nearly two-thirds will increase their planned investment in at least one infrastructure technology, including virtualization, security, systems management and cloud computing, all of which can help organizations streamline operations and deliver business value.

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Today’s mobile phones: Modern technology has changed our lives

Earlier, mobile phones used to be a novelty which was only used by the police officers in their patrol vans. Mobile phones were then known as car phones and their use was restricted due to their bulky sizes. But nowadays, their use has increased manifold with the advent of the Advanced Mobile Phone service or AMPS. According to a rough estimate, in UK alone, now there are more handsets than people.

Mobile phones have become a part and parcel of our lives today. They have penetrated each and every aspect of our lives. We are using them for trivial tasks like making calls, listening to music and web browsing and for more significant purposes like making videos. Nobody would have thought in the 1980’s that one day mobile phones will be used for video conferencing. It is understandable that mobile phones have made the landline technology absolutely redundant.

For buying a mobile phone there cannot be a better place than an online mobile shop. The quickest and the easiest way to buy a mobile phone, online mobile shops present you with a variety of options. You can choose from a plethora of handsets ranging from cool camera phones, music jukeboxes and 3G clamshells. All the information pertaining to a handset be its specifications, availability of various mobile phone deals is presented on these online mobile sites.

Mobile phone deals are of many kinds: you can choose from pay-as-you-go phones or contract phones. Pay-as-you-go deals are flexible and attractive deals whereas contract mobile phones offer you significant benefits. Availing a contract mobile phones deal has its own pros and cons. You can gain inclusive free minutes, free text bundles and message bundles and low network-to-network calling rates. There are at least 50 contract phone deals available on a single handset. Therefore, careful judgement is needed to choose a deal. A few simple things like your own calling profile and your budget have to be kept in mind while making the choice.

So, if you want to gift a mobile this Christmas, then just login to any of the online mobile sites and grab a handset at an affordable contract mobile phone deal.



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Every day we see a new model and new software as far as mobile phone are concerned. There is boom in mobile phone technology. Now mobile phones are competing with computer and television. And it has become a unique tool where it is substituting computer and television in a single miniature piece. Today mobile phone is capable to access Internet very much as a computer and can download and play a video much like a television.

Mobile phone technology is growing at incredibly faster rate. And now the people are not able to assume- what next? People are finding it difficult to cope up with. The fastest growing industry in the history of mankind and in science has to be mobile phone industry. Frequently introduction of new computerized phone in the market with latest software and accessories has surprised the people, which they never dreamt. It is not a history but few years' back we remember there was a time when mobile phone concept itself was not born. Few years back payphone were used and people used to wait in queue for making a call. The first series of mobile phone in the world was analog mobile phones. It was just like in dream everything changed and mobile phone technology taken a turn to change analog technology into digital technology. People thrown their analog phone and replaced it with a high tech digital one.

Those few people who were not tuned with changing technology said 'no' to replace their analog phone with digital, there was no time gap and suddenly there was no company or service center to care for these analog phones. There was no spare accessories, component or mechanic to handle repair or look after other services. But it was inevitable to replace the analog phone with digital to cope up with technology change. And analog phone became a history.

Now let us move ahead a couple years when there were black and white screen mobile phones. After few years, there was an invention of colour technology that opened up a great charm and many avenues. Capability of a mobile phone to play games and access to Internet brought an impact on the industry - then immediately came inbuilt computerized and highly sensitive camera. Capturing a photo in the mobile phone was a surprise to its users. Now only 10 short years are passed the first digital mobile phone was invented in the world. Look how much technologically distance we have covered. Latest invention of mobile phone industry is - The iPhone. It has just been introduced in the market and whirling the world into its stream. iPhone is sleek in its look and has innumerable features. It is going to make a great impact in the mobile phone industry.
Look! Wonder of modern mobile phone technology.

TECHNOLOGY-Brief Information

Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek "technologia", "τεχνολογία" — "techne", "τέχνη" ("craft") and "logia", "λογία" ("saying").[1] However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".

The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.

Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations.



Role in human history

Paleolithic (2.5 million – 10,000 BC)

A primitive chopper

The use of tools by early humans was partly a process of discovery, partly of evolution. Early humans evolved from a race of foraging hominids which were already bipedal,[12] with a brain mass approximately one third that of modern humans.[13] Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history, but approximately 50,000 years ago, a complex set of behaviors and tool use emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully-modern language.[14]

Stone tools

Hand axes from the Acheulian period

Human ancestors have been using stone and other tools since long before the emergence of Homo sapiens approximately 200,000 years ago.[15] The earliest methods of stone tool making, known as the Oldowan "industry", date back to at least 2.3 million years ago,[16] with the earliest direct evidence of tool usage found in Ethiopia within the Great Rift Valley, dating back to 2.5 million years ago.[17] This era of stone tool use is called the Paleolithic, or "Old stone age", and spans all of human history up to the development of agriculture approximately 12,000 years ago.

To make a stone tool, a "core" of hard stone with specific flaking properties (such as flint) was struck with a hammerstone. This flaking produced a sharp edge on the core stone as well as on the flakes, either of which could be used as tools, primarily in the form of choppers or scrapers.[18] These tools greatly aided the early humans in their hunter-gatherer lifestyle to perform a variety of tasks including butchering carcasses (and breaking bones to get at the marrow); chopping wood; cracking open nuts; skinning an animal for its hide; and even forming other tools out of softer materials such as bone and wood.[19]

The earliest stone tools were crude, being little more than a fractured rock. In the Acheulian era, beginning approximately 1.65 million years ago, methods of working these stone into specific shapes, such as hand axes emerged. The Middle Paleolithic, approximately 300,000 years ago, saw the introduction of the prepared-core technique, where multiple blades could be rapidly formed from a single core stone.[18] The Upper Paleolithic, beginning approximately 40,000 years ago, saw the introduction of pressure flaking, where a wood, bone, or antler punch could be used to shape a stone very finely.[20]

Fire

The discovery and utilization of fire, a simple energy source with many profound uses, was a turning point in the technological evolution of humankind.[21] The exact date of its discovery is not known; evidence of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of Humankind suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1,000,000 BC;[22] scholarly consensus indicates that Homo erectus had controlled fire by between 500,000 BC and 400,000 BC.[23][24] Fire, fueled with wood and charcoal, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibility, improving its nutrient value and broadening the number of foods that could be eaten.[25]

Clothing and shelter

Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era were clothing and shelter; the adoption of both technologies cannot be dated exactly, but they were a key to humanity's progress. As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated and more elaborate; as early as 380,000 BC, humans were constructing temporary wood huts.[26][27] Clothing, adapted from the fur and hides of hunted animals, helped humanity expand into colder regions; humans began to migrate out of Africa by 200,000 BC and into other continents, such as Eurasia.[28]

Humans began to work bones, antler, and hides, as evidenced by burins and racloirs produced during this period.[citation needed]

Neolithic through Classical Antiquity (10,000BC – 300AD)

An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.

Man's technological ascent began in earnest in what is known as the Neolithic period ("New stone age"). The invention of polished stone axes was a major advance because it allowed forest clearance on a large scale to create farms. The discovery of agriculture allowed for the feeding of larger populations, and the transition to a sedentist lifestyle increased the number of children that could be simultaneously raised, as young children no longer needed to be carried, as was the case with the nomadic lifestyle. Additionally, children could contribute labor to the raising of crops more readily than they could to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle.[29][30]

With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in labor specialization.[31] What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the first cities, such as Uruk, and the first civilizations, such as Sumer, is not specifically known; however, the emergence of increasingly hierarchical social structures, the specialization of labor, trade and war amongst adjacent cultures, and the need for collective action to overcome environmental challenges, such as the building of dikes and reservoirs, are all thought to have played a role.[32]

Metal tools

Continuing improvements led to the furnace and bellows and provided the ability to smelt and forge native metals (naturally occurring in relatively pure form).[33] Gold, copper, silver, and lead, were such early metals. The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone, and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was probably used from near the beginning of Neolithic times (about 8000 BC).[34] Native copper does not naturally occur in large amounts, but copper ores are quite common and some of them produce metal easily when burned in wood or charcoal fires. Eventually, the working of metals led to the discovery of alloys such as bronze and brass (about 4000 BC). The first uses of iron alloys such as steel dates to around 1400 BC.

Energy and Transport

Meanwhile, humans were learning to harness other forms of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the sailboat.[citation needed] The earliest record of a ship under sail is shown on an Egyptian pot dating back to 3200 BC.[citation needed] From prehistoric times, Egyptians probably used "the power of the Nile" annual floods to irrigate their lands, gradually learning to regulate much of it through purposely-built irrigation channels and 'catch' basins. Similarly, the early peoples of Mesopotamia, the Sumerians, learned to use the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for much the same purposes. But more extensive use of wind and water (and even human) power required another invention.

The wheel was invented in circa 4000 BC.

According to archaeologists, the wheel was invented around 4000 B.C. The wheel was probably independently invented in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq) as well. Estimates on when this may have occurred range from 5500 to 3000 B.C., with most experts putting it closer to 4000 B.C. The oldest artifacts with drawings that depict wheeled carts date from about 3000 B.C.; however, the wheel may have been in use for millennia before these drawings were made. There is also evidence from the same period of time that wheels were used for the production of pottery. (Note that the original potter's wheel was probably not a wheel, but rather an irregularly shaped slab of flat wood with a small hollowed or pierced area near the center and mounted on a peg driven into the earth. It would have been rotated by repeated tugs by the potter or his assistant.) More recently, the oldest-known wooden wheel in the world was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia.[35]

The invention of the wheel revolutionized activities as disparate as transportation, war, and the production of pottery (for which it may have been first used). It didn't take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads and fast (rotary) potters' wheels enabled early mass production of pottery. But it was the use of the wheel as a transformer of energy (through water wheels, windmills, and even treadmills) that revolutionized the application of nonhuman power sources.

Modern history (300 AD —)

Tools include both simple machines (such as the lever, the screw, and the pulley), and more complex machines (such as the clock, the engine, the electric generator and the electric motor, the computer, radio, and the Space Station, among many others). As tools increase in complexity, so does the type of knowledge needed to support them. Complex modern machines require libraries of written technical manuals of collected information that has continually increased and improved — their designers, builders, maintainers, and users often require the mastery of decades of sophisticated general and specific training. Moreover, these tools have become so complex that a comprehensive infrastructure of technical knowledge-based lesser tools, processes and practices (complex tools in themselves) exist to support them, including engineering, medicine, and computer science. Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to construct and maintain them. Entire industries have arisen to support and develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools. The relationship of technology with society ( culture) is generally characterized as synergistic, symbiotic, co-dependent, co-influential, and co-producing, i.e. technology and society depend heavily one upon the other (technology upon culture, and culture upon technology). It is also generally believed that this synergistic relationship first occurred at the dawn of humankind with the invention of simple tools, and continues with modern technologies today. Today and throughout history, technology influences and is influenced by such societal issues/factors as economics, values, ethics, institutions, groups, the environment, government, among others. The discipline studying the impacts of science, technology, and society and vice versa is called Science and technology in society.

Technology and philosophy

Technicism

Generally, technicism is an over reliance or overconfidence in technology as a benefactor of society.

Taken to extreme, some argue that technicism is the belief that humanity will ultimately be able to control the entirety of existence using technology. In other words, human beings will someday be able to master all problems and possibly even control the future using technology. Some, such as Monsma,[36] connect these ideas to the abdication of religion as a higher moral authority.

Optimism

Optimistic assumptions are made by proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and singularitarianism, which view technological development as generally having beneficial effects for the society and the human condition. In these ideologies, technological development is morally good. Some critics see these ideologies as examples of scientism and techno-utopianism and fear the notion of human enhancement and technological singularity which they support. Some have described Karl Marx as a techno-optimist.[37]

Pessimism

On the somewhat pessimistic side are certain philosophers like the Herbert Marcuse and John Zerzan, who believe that technological societies are inherently flawed a priori. They suggest that the result of such a society is to become evermore technological at the cost of freedom and psychological health.

Many, such as the Luddites and prominent philosopher Martin Heidegger, hold serious reservations, although not a priori flawed reservations, about technology. Heidegger presents such a view in "The Question Concerning Technology": "Thus we shall never experience our relationship to the essence of technology so long as we merely conceive and push forward the technological, put up with it, or evade it. Everywhere we remain unfree and chained to technology, whether we passionately affirm or deny it."[38]

Some of the most poignant criticisms of technology are found in what are now considered to be dystopian literary classics, for example Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and other writings, Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange, and George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. And, in Faust by Goethe, Faust's selling his soul to the devil in return for power over the physical world, is also often interpreted as a metaphor for the adoption of industrial technology.

An overtly anti-technological treatise is Industrial Society and Its Future, written by Theodore Kaczynski (aka The Unabomber) and printed in several major newspapers (and later books) as part of an effort to end his bombing campaign of the techno-industrial infrastructure.

Appropriate technology

The notion of appropriate technology, however, was developed in the 20th century (e.g., see the work of Jacques Ellul) to describe situations where it was not desirable to use very new technologies or those that required access to some centralized infrastructure or parts or skills imported from elsewhere. The eco-village movement emerged in part due to this concern.

Other animal species

This adult gorilla uses a branch as a walking stick to gauge the water's depth; an example of technology usage by primates.
Credit: Public Library of Science

The use of basic technology is also a feature of other animal species apart from humans. These include primates such as chimpanzees, some dolphin communities,[39][40] and crows.[41][42] Considering a more generic perspective of technology as ethology of active environmental conditioning and control, we can also refer animal examples such as beavers and their dams, or bees and their honeycombs.

The ability to make and use tools was once considered a defining characteristic of the genus Homo.[43] However, the discovery of tool construction among chimpanzees and related primates has discarded the notion of the use of technology as unique to humans. For example, researchers have observed wild chimpanzees utilising tools for foraging: some of the tools used include leaf sponges, termite fishing probes, pestles and levers.[44] West African chimpanzees also use stone hammers and anvils for cracking nuts,[45] as do capuchin monkeys of Boa Vista,

N-97 REVIEW

We have been waiting for Nokia N97 for quite some time now. Finally, it is available in the market and we can’t wait any longer to grab hold of the device. At the launch, Nokia had promised a lot about N97, let’s see whether it can live up to its promise or not. The specification of the phone is something to die for. It is fully loaded with triband HSPA, 3.5-inch touch screen, WiFi and Bluetooth, hardware keyboard, 32GB of standard storage, and 5 mega pixel camera. With all these features, Nokia N97 really looks a killer device.

  • The designNokia N97 Mobile PhoneThe body of Nokia N97 is made up of good quality matte finish plastics. The phone is strong and surprisingly light too. The device is a slider, but sidewise. This means that the phone doesn’t slide vertically like the other devices, but horizontally. The QWERTY keypad appears after the phone is slide-opened. The rubber keys are quite hard and both hands are required to handle the phone.
  • The Connectivity – You can expect high performance of the phone in terms of connectivity too. Nokia N97 excellently uses 3G connection that offers super fast browsing speeds. This is a dedicated AT&T device and its network is also quite good.
  • The Camera and Video – Nokia N97 brings in 5 mega pixel camera that features auto focus as well as LED flash. Though the camera features are good, but it is still not at par with the photo-centric phones from Nokia. LED flash lets the camera to capture good shots at poor light conditions. Video recording in Nokia N97 is available as well. Videos can be viewed in widescreen 640 x 360 in more typical 640 x 480 VGA resolution.
  • The Music – The quality of audio files is strong too. The music player can play varied music file formats such as MP3, WMA, AAC, and eAAC+. N97 features an FM radio and a transmitter as well. This enables the user to pipe audio from the smart phone by using nearby tuner.

Considering all the factors, it can be said that Nokia N97 is a good choice for the smart phone users in almost every aspect.

Nokia N97 Photos Gallery :
Nokia N97 Mobile Phone Nokia N97 Mobile Phone Nokia N97 Mobile Phone Nokia N97 Mobile Phone Nokia N97 Mobile Phone Nokia N97 Mobile Phone Nokia N97 Mobile Phone Nokia N97 Mobile Phone Nokia N97 Mobile Phone

N-86 NOKIA

Nokia - N86
Product Summary : This 149 grams Dual slide screen phone has a Lithium Ion battery type, which provides talk time of 378 minutes and standby time of 312 hours. It comes with features like 16m color OLED display with resolution of 240 x 320 pixels, 8 mega pixel camera with Carl Zeiss optics, auto focus and video recorder. It has added features like tri band & quad band, 3G support with HSDPA, 8GB inbuilt memory, which can be upgraded up to 16 GB. The phone has Wi-Fi and GPS connectivity, Bluetooth, USB connector, EDGE, GPRS. The phone supports MP3/MP4/eAAC+/WMA audio formats and has FM radio, games, GPS navigation. This JAVA enabled phone comes with dedicated music/gallery keys, stereo speakers, built-in hands free, 3.5 mm AV jack, Symbian OS. There's also a kickstand.

Sony BMG, Nokia merge music subscriptions, devices; Is this the future model?

Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Nokia on Tuesday launched a service where consumers get access to an entire music catalog when they buy a device. Nokia announced a similar pact with Universal Music in December.

The effort, dubbed Nokia Comes With Music, is another attempt to find a workable business model for music labels and erode some of the dominance enjoyed by Apple’s iTunes juggernaut. The big question is whether consumers will pay extra for an embedded music catalog on a device once the bundle ends.

SONY

Sony Bring New Technology


Thursday, May 21, 2009